A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a self-configured set of portable mobile nodes without any central infrastructure\nto regulate traffic in the network. These networks present problems such as lack of congestion control, reliability, and energy\nconsumption. In this paper, we present a new model for MANET multicasting called Reliable and Energy Efficient Protocol\nDepending on Distance and Remaining Energy (REEDDRE). Our proposal is based on a tone system to provide more efficiency\nand better performance, and it combines solutions over the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The protocol consists of a new\nconstruction method for mobile nodes using a clustering approach that depends on distance and remaining energy to provide\nmore stability and to reduce energy consumption. In addition, we propose an adjustment to the typical multicast flow by adding\nunicast links between clusters. We further present in our model a technique to provide more reliability based on a busy tone\nsystem (RMBTM) to reduce excessive control overhead caused by control packets in error recovery. We simulate our proposal\nusing OPNET, and the results show enhancement in terms of reliability, packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, and\nthroughput.
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